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• W98367584 abstract "As stated in Volume I, the functional architecture of the vertebrate brain evolved to meet the needs of interactive behavior; it did not evolve for the specific purpose of thinking [104]. This evolutionary phenomenon was very strongly conserved throughout the course of phylogeny. This principle is evident in fish, birds and other mid-sized mammals such as cats and dogs, non-human primates, and in humans [149]. The needs of interactive behavior require continuous neural processing. This neural processing occurs within seven large scale brain networks which develop slowly in human beings [2]. These networks process or “code” the salient properties of objects, such as what they look like and feel like, as well as what they are used for, which in essence is their reward value. All of these properties are represented in the same sensory and motor brain circuits that were activated or recruited when the information about the objects was initially acquired [174–178]. In brief review, the ventral stream of information processing registers what an object is and what it is used for, which is another way of saying it “codes” its identification and salience, or reward value. The dorsal pathway registers where an object is and how to use it, in other words, specifying the proper parameters for action; these streams of information processing are therefore critical for “action” control. Salience information “biases” potential behaviors by providing information about reward value associated with the identity of the object. This “biasing” about reward value is essentially a form of anticipation or prediction [179–182]. We “know” that when we “interact” with an object (“object” is defined as a person, a thing, a nutrient, or an animal) that there will be a certain outcome that has a certain purpose or meaning. Several potential behaviors are available in most circumstances. Choices and decisions are made on the bases of anticipated reward—either obtaining satisfaction or avoiding a negative outcome. However, the point of the matter is that potential activities, choices, or decisions are represented over large regions of the cerebral cortex. Therefore, decision making is not strictly localized within the prefrontal cortex, nor is it localized within the FPN; instead, these functions are localized within the same sensorimotor circuits that were activated when processing the information, when associating that information with reward value, and when programming and executing the associated actions. These organizational characteristics allow for adaptive functioning characterized by routine behaviors as well as the learning of new responses. Automaticity and adapting behaviors across similar contexts is achieved through the operations of the cerebro-cerebellar circuitry system [183]. The learning of new behavior is supported by the reward based instrumental learning cortico-basal ganglia system [184]. These systems, in combination, allow for a level of functioning characterized by alternating episodes of automatic behavior and cognitive control. Therefore, “cognition” is not separate from sensorimotor control [104, 185]. The “locus of control” over interactive behavior is a dynamically changing process. There is no “executive functioning” in this system of behavioral organization because there is always decision-making and problem-solving based upon multiple options. The behavior that is either explicitly or implicitly chosen is based upon “reward value.” This interactive paradigm is illustrated in Fig. 1 (Cisek and Kalaska illustration)." @default.
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• W98367584 date "2014-01-01" @default.
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• W98367584 title "Movement, Thinking, Anticipation, and Banishing Executive Functioning" @default.
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• W98367584 doi "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04477-4_11" @default.
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