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- W99044809 abstract "This paper seeks to define alienation and solidarity as concepts: terms that have a single, clear, and researchable meaning. To simplify the task, the analysis is limited to co-orientation toward verbal propositions, and only those where there can be agreement to disagree. For this purpose, Goffman's recursive definition of co-presence in terms of levels of awareness is extended to apply to both individuals and groups. Solidarity is defined as mutual agreement/disagreement perceived by two parties, and that mutual perception is perceived. Degree of alienation can be based on the number of errors of perception: partial alienation involves only one error, complete alienation, four (all possible perception errors). These definitions may be useful for empirical research on attunement and on love at the interpersonal level. At the collective level, they may be used to study the structure of context, consensus, and social facts. As is the case with all basic ideas in social/behavioral science (Blumer 1969), solidarity and alienation are not concepts in the sense that they have been defined with single, clear meanings. The term solidarity was used casually and without definition by Marx and by Durkheim, and subsequently. For example, although they don't use the term in this respect, Berger and Luckmann (1966 pp. 22-23) discussed what they called the intersubjective world in terms of shared consciousness of commonsense knowledge. Their discussion implies solidarity of beliefs, a world that is assumed by virtually everyone in a society. This world, they say, is not acknowledged, but taken completely for granted. Yet Berger and Luckmann do not go on to attempt to spell out the structure of such an intersubjective world, nor has anyone else. On the basis of his analysis of items in standardized alienation scales, Seeman (1975) pointed out that these scales produce highly ambiguous results, since they confound at least six different components: 1. Powerlessness 2. Meaninglessness 3. Normlessness 4. Cultural estrangement 5. Self-estrangement 6. Social isolation: exclusion or rejection. Some of these meanings are dispositional (self-estrangement), others relational (social isolation). Still others are cognitive (meaninglessness), and others may have an emotional component (powerlessness may involve a feeling of inadequacy or shame). This" @default.
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- W99044809 date "2006-01-01" @default.
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- W99044809 title "AWARENESS STRUCTURES: CONCEPTUALIZING ALIENATION/SOLIDARITY 1" @default.
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